編譯:敬仁勞工中心
5月14日,美國新澤西州伊莉莎白港(Elizabeth)的某座碼頭,工人開始針對長榮海運的貨櫃船進行杯葛、拒絕為長榮卸貨,兩條貨輪當在碼頭動彈不得。一週之後,停工行動擴散至東岸其他六個港口,他們由北而南分別是:馬里蘭州的巴爾的摩(Baltimore)、維吉尼亞州的漢普敦路(Hampton Roads)及諾福克(Norfolk)、南卡羅萊那州的查爾斯頓(Charleston)、喬治亞州的沙旺那(Savannah)與佛羅里達州的羅德岱堡(Fort Lauderdale,以前中華青棒隊獲得「世界」冠軍的地方),受影響的貨輪超過一打、總共數千個貨櫃運輸遭到延遲。這次行動只針對長榮海運,上述碼頭中的其他公司貨櫃作業並沒受到影響。
長榮的貨櫃在大西洋上流浪
故事得從去年開始說起,美國「東岸碼頭工會」(ILA,International Longshoremen's Association)向「勞動關係委員會」(NLRB)提起兩項關於長榮海運員工加入工會的表決申請,一案是長榮海運美國分公司新澤西總部內的115位文職人員;另一案則是伊莉莎白港的4個port captain及1個port engineer,他們的工作內容亦屬辦公室內的調度作業。
投票結果,在前者中工會以52比61的些微差距落敗,工會認為公司運用不當方式鎮壓員工加入工會,所以繼續向「勞動關係委員會」申訴請求重新表決;後者的狀況剛好相反,工會以3比2獲勝,「勞動關係委員會」要求長榮海運與「東岸碼頭工會」就這5人的勞動條件進行協商,長榮拒絕了,並宣稱這5人屬於管理階層、不符加入工會資格,所以向法院提出上訴。值得注意的是,長榮這種手法,跟聯合報系在世界日報洛杉磯分社爭議案中的手段如出一轍。
就在長榮向法院提出上訴的六天後,勞方不甘示弱,兩個投票給工會的port captain(另一贊成票來自唯一的port engineer),結合工會發起停工抵制行動,並獲得其他港口的工人響應,成功把長榮的貨櫃當在海上下不了船。長榮原本假裝沒事,後來許多貨主發現貨櫃延遲到達,這下才逼長榮把麻煩給揭露出來。由於海運旺季即將從七月開始,長榮為將船調回亞洲載運新貨物,不得不轉往加拿大的海力法克斯(Halifax)、亞買加的京斯頓(Kingston)及巴拿馬的科隆(Colon)等地暫時停貨。
之後長榮向「勞動關係委員會」提起申訴,認為工會的行為是非法杯葛、屬於勞方的「不當勞動行為」,但一直得不到「勞動關係委員會」的認同。經過28天的停工之後,長榮終於妥協、與工會達成以下協議:長榮撤回關於不當杯葛的申訴;長榮在14天內開始與工會協商5人的勞動條件;協商期間不准調職;長榮放棄要求工會賠償停工損失的權利。不過長榮仍然會繼續尋求該5人為管理階層的認定,如果勞資之間無法就此點達成協議,雙方同意交付強制仲裁。爭議在6月11日暫告一段落,碼頭工人開始卸長榮的貨,但累積的延遲貨櫃仍需要好幾個星期的時間才能消化完畢,長榮對客戶的信譽損失無法估計,自食惡果。
長榮海運在美國的客戶,包括數家知名的連鎖式大賣場,如好市多(Costco)、宜家家居(IKEA)及Wal-Mart等,工會的行動,其中一個效果就是增加貨主對長榮盡快交貨的壓力,最後果然成功逼迫長榮妥協。
東岸碼頭的詭譎風雲
自1980年代以來,美國東岸碼頭一直風平浪靜、少有跨越碼頭的爭議事件,堪稱勞資和諧,所以此次杯葛長榮的行動,算是二十年來少見,更值得注意的是,「東岸碼頭工會」的總會網站上,完全沒有提及此次的長榮海運爭議。總會在杯葛過程中一直拒絕對外作出評論,到了後期,理事長雖然抨擊長榮遲遲不肯出面談判的態度,但他的意思是希望盡快結束爭議、不想讓抗爭蔓延。
「東岸碼頭工會」與美國若干工會一樣,有著腐化及與黑道牽扯不清的過去,在著名的好萊塢電影《岸上風雲》(On the Waterfront)中,那個受黑道控制的碼頭工會就是暗指「東岸碼頭工會」。自1987年以來擔任工會理事長的鮑爾斯(John Bowers),本身仍然是個保守派,與資方一直保持良好關係,對外往往以「勞資和諧」(labor peace)自許,但他顯然不是真正愛好和平,因為總會網站上大剌剌公開宣示,支持美國政府對阿富汗及伊拉克發起的「反恐」戰爭,並宣稱工會的縮寫ILA,另一個意義是「我愛美國」(I Love America),是肉麻當有趣的右翼愛國主義。
根據種種跡象顯示,此次針對長榮的停工行動,不是由總會所發動的,應該是伊莉莎白港的1964分會自行串連其他分會發起的,這或許亦代表著總會與地方分會間存在矛盾。在烽火引燃點的伊莉莎白港,勞方早已鎖定港中四個目標公司、計畫逐步採取行動以擴大工會組織,除了這次的長榮海運之外,另外三家是中資的中遠貨櫃(COSCO)、南韓的韓進海運(Hanjin)及另一家台灣公司陽明海運。
在同時採取停工聲援的其他六個港口中,杯葛行動也都很徹底,只有在南卡羅萊那州的查爾斯頓,有若干沒加入工會的工人繼續上工。南卡羅萊那州和奧克拉荷馬州(和信集團「大陸碳煙案」爭議所在地)及其他20州一樣,是美國南方採「自由入會」制的勞工法令反動州。
海運業轉移陣地躲避工會?
相對於「東岸碼頭工會」的保守,在北美洲西岸進行碼頭工人組織工作的「西岸碼頭工會」(ILWU,International Longshore and Warehouse Union)就較有進步的工運傳統。大家應該還記得去年秋天北美西岸碼頭的封港爭議,就是「西岸瑪頭工會」反抗資方採用自動化以取代勞動力而引起的,結果工會降低了勞動力被取代的程度,並爭取到健保持續免費、工作35年後可得6萬3千美元退休金、以及使碼頭工人平均年薪超過10萬美元的加薪等條件,那是東岸的碼頭工人所遠遠比不上的。這次東岸碼頭地方分會針對長榮發起的停工行動,或許多少是不滿總會的作風,而受到西岸工人行動的啟發。
在去年的美西封港爭議之後,美國海運界就開始在醞釀,要盡量把貨載到東岸的港口,以迴避較具戰鬥力的「西岸碼頭工會」。如果連東岸的工人都開始加入戰鬥的行列,那資方可能會進一步把貨物運到南方的工會「自由入會」州,或接駁至內陸的河運港口下貨。這是對工會組織的挑戰,也顯示了工會組織必須全面性進行,才足以圍剿資本向廉價勞動力移動。
台勞之光與台勞的悲哀
前面提到,此次針對長榮海運的停工杯葛行動,引爆點是伊莉莎白港的長榮員工加入工會爭議,而根據報導,那兩個投票贊成加入工會、並參與發起停工行動的port captain乃是台灣人!爭議發生後長榮威脅把他們調回台灣,所以工會在協議中特別強調,勞動條件的協商完成前這兩人不能被調職。兩個台灣會員的爭議,促使工會眾多弟兄聲援相挺、發動大規模行動以杯葛公司,這真是台灣勞工的光榮。
回頭看看台灣,卻又忍不住感受到台灣勞工的悲哀。如果你去台北縣八里鄉,參觀最近落成的「十三行博物館」,進入八里後可能會看到不少長榮貨櫃車,在博物館高處遠眺,海邊有一個畫著海豚跳躍圖案的大倉庫,那裡就是長榮的台北港專用碼頭,那種感覺就跟你到了中正機場二期航廈一樣,彷彿置身長榮的獨立王國、他人勢力不可侵犯。更可怕的是,長榮公然地禁止工會組織,並以之聞名。
回顧過去的台灣工運歷史,長榮勞工也曾經組織起來抗爭過,並得到工運團體的支援,可惜的是工會組織無法延續下來,經過這些年以來,台灣自主工運組織新工會的腳步似乎停滯了,對於資本的大肆掠奪無可奈何;反而在彼岸的美國,倒是有工會願意對台灣籍勞工聲援相挺,共同對抗跨國資本,並開始取得一些成積。這也說明了工會的態度及組織策略,是影響勞工權益能否確保的重要因素。
禮失求諸野,這樣的事件,或許可以刺激我們檢討台灣工運的問題,繼續向長榮集團的零工會政策挑戰。我們亦將持續關注美國工會在長榮內部的組織狀況,以作為跨國串連可能性的基本資訊與材料。如果有人認識在美國加入工會那兩位長榮海運員工,或許可以聯繫他們,請他們以適當方式告訴大家他們自身的體驗,相信能對台灣組織者提供不少寶貴經驗,並對其他長榮員工產生激勵作用。
新聞報導來源:美國《貿易週刊》(Journal of Commerce)網站,2003年5-6月的數十條相關新聞。以下為根據《貿易週刊》報導內容作的英文摘要,也是中文版的基礎。
Evergreen Marine was Picketed for 28 Days on US East Coast !
Edited: Ching-Jen Labor Health & Safety Service Center
Evergreen Marine's operations at Port Elizabeth, New Jersey of US, had been disrupted by the refusal of longshoremen to cross a picket line set up by two port captains seeking union representation by the International Longshoremen's Association (ILA).
Four Evergreen port captains and one port engineer, whose duties include planning of vessel stowage, last year voted 3-2 for ILA representation. The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) upheld the results of the election and ordered Evergreen to bargain with the ILA. The company wanted to wait until courts rule on the company's contention that the port captains are managers who are ineligible for union representation. But two of the port captains began picketing Evergreen on May 14 at Port Elizabeth.
After one week, the dispute spread from Port Elizabeth to Baltimore, Maryland; Hampton Roads and Norfolk, Virginia; Charleston, South Carolina; Savannah, Georgia and Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The ILA's protest against Evergreen has not affected other lines' operations.
Disputes between the ILA and Evergreen Marine
Evergreen is one of four carriers whose Port Elizabeth operations have been targeted by ILA organizers. The NLRB also has pending cases involving the ILA and the New Jersey offices of COSCO (HK/China), Hanjin (S Korea) and Yangming (Taiwan). The picketing started six days after Evergreen asked the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia to overturn an NLRB ruling that certified the ILA as bargaining agent for the company's five New Jersey-based port captains and engineers and that ordered the company to negotiate with the union.
In a separate case before the NLRB, the ILA is challenging its narrow loss last year in a referendum on unionization by about 115 clerical employees at Evergreen America's headquarters in Morristown, N.J. The ILA claims company coercion tainted the election, in which workers voted 61-52 against the union. The union is asking the NLRB to order a new election
On the other hand, Evergreen wanted the NLRB to seek a court injunction against the picketing. The NLRB's Washington headquarters investigated charges by Evergreen America that the ILA had engaged in unlawful picketing that has idled the ships in the ports on East Coast.
John Bowers, president of the ILA, had taken a hands-off approach to the dispute, apparently to avoid charges by Evergreen that the union was conducting an illegal secondary boycott. Jim McNamara, a spokesman for the ILA, said the international union "is not giving any directive not to work." Instead, the dispute was being led by the ILA local 1964 based in Ridgefield Park, N.J.
Holding contract talks
Until Jun 11, the ILA said it and Evergreen had signed a "memorandum of agreement" under which the union and company agreed to try to negotiate a new contract within the next 14 working days. If the parties can't agree within that period, any outstanding issues will be submitted to binding arbitration.
Under the terms of the back-to-work agreement, Evergreen pledged to keep the port captains on their jobs, to provide for grievance and arbitration procedures and to avoid transferring them more than 25 miles beyond the company's U.S. headquarters in Morristown, N.J. The no-transfer provision was important, because the company had wanted to send two of the port captains back to Taiwan, their home country. Those safeguards apply during the 14-day negotiating period.
The ILA said the union also agreed not to sue for damages from the picketing, and to enter good-faith negotiations for a new contract. Evergreen agreed to withdraw its request that the NLRB declare the ILA strike an illegal secondary boycott. The union also said Evergreen withdrew its NLRB charge when the company faced the prospect of an unfavorable decision from the NLRB. "The NLRB's general counsel evidently concluded yesterday that the (ILA's) job action was properly conducted in accordance with current Board law."
Taiwan-based Evergreen has nearly 150 vessels, ranking it among the world's largest container shippers. This Taiwanese carrier will spend at least several weeks untangling ship schedules, delivering cargo and mending relationships with shippers who were blindsided by the labor dispute. The impasse left Evergreen unable to deliver imported goods to retailers including Wal-Mart, Costco and IKEA. More than a dozen ships were idled or diverted, and several thousand containers were stranded at ports from Halifax, Canada; Kingston, Jamaica to Colon, Panama.
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